23cms antenna

23cm Antennas

	G8CKN YAGI pdf file Wide bandwidth, low swr design. Details shown courtesy Roy G8CKN. Please note: copyright G8CKN For amateur use only.

	KITCH... THE BEGINNERS' CHEAPEST EVER 23cms YAGI AERIAL SIMPLE TO MAKE FOR RECEIVING ON 23cms .QUICK AND DIRTY.
	The Bassoon 3 band J-Pole For use in locations where yagis and rotators are forbidden
	G4CYA website. Lots of alternative antenna types and couplers info.

My attempt at making a JVL / ALFORD SLOT Tubular 23cm Slot Antenna-without a router
I decided to use Westflex 103 cable without a connector at the slot antenna to reduce losses and because all the problems that I had over the years had come from faulty connectors. An N socket could be fitted if preferred and does help reduce any pulling from the weight of cable. The pipe was 35mm x 900mm. Can be 600mm upwards.The length of the tube beyond the slot is not important, in fact other aerials can be attached to the pole away from the slot. The Westflex 103 is too large for 15mm pipes where Quickform 141 or other semi-rigid etc is more suitable. Due to the hard copper of the pipe I used there appeared to be no bowing at the centre of the slot, but cable ties would be useful if soft copper is found to 'bow' at the centre.. Weatherproofing: PVC pipe is likely to worsen SWR & needs to be >3 times the diam of the pipe and as thin as possible. I used black DPC sheet and PVC tape instead. They worked really well. I have tried EcoFlex 10 instead of Westflex. The flexability of the Ecoflex comes partly from its thinner sheath. This makes cutting slits a little more tricky than the firmer Westflex and means that care is needed as the cable is bent before connecting to the solder tags. Otherwise it seems a good alternative. If you do make one of these slot antenna please let me know how you get on and I will pass on the info here for others to read. If you wish to keep the visibility of your antenna to a minimum I recommend that you consider making the Bassoon.
The nibbler used for cutting the slot.	6mm Starter hole	Nibbling the 510mm x 8mm slot. Any wobbles will need filing level.	Trim back pvc sleeve and braid 8cm
Cut off the end inner insulation and sheath back 1cm and fold up the centre conductor	Cut two 3mm wide gaps either side, do not cut the inner pvc spacer.Slit should be 5.2 cms long if using westflex 103 or 4.5cm if using 141 SEE BELOW	Use a strengthening wire to solder the inner to one half of the copper sheath.	Solder another wire(piece of braid) to the other half of the copper sheath. Attach solder tags as close as possible to cable eg 3-5 mm.Small cable ties should hold the 2 halves of copper sheath firmly to the insulating centre.
Do not over tighten. Keep 3mm gap accurate. Carefully bend the cable to make connection to the tags.Once bent check the spacing is still ok on the slits then pvc tape wrap or slide a piece of plastic tube along the cable.	Fit solder tags to 5mm ends of the wires and bolt to centre connections using brass nuts and solder lock them to the copper pipe.Follow JVL's instructions below..	If a good swr dip is not obtained use a 25mm x 2mm offcut of cable sheathing at that point and solder into cavity of pipe as shown then tweak with insulated stick for min swr.(An alternative: 0.5pF ceramic or smd cap across the terminals)	A min swr of 1.2:1 was obtained on 1255Mhz.If placing the small screwdriver into the slot at the connection point improves swr try using longer bolts that drop inside the pipe.Large cable ties were used to clamp the Westflex as it exits the bottom of the tube.Cable should be fixed inside the tube using glue to avoid movement.Click on images to see them full-screen..
	I have tried a different approach to the awkward part; cutting the 3mm slots in the coax cable. Remove the 8 mm copper sheath entirely and flatten it.Then trim it to a width of 20mm, and then cut in half for 2x 10 mm widths, then solder up any fractures before soldering it to the existing sheath on the cable creating the 3mm spacing. Smoothing the pieces into the curve of the cable. Roy G8CKN has suggested using an outer sleeve of about 2 or 3 inches length (50-70mm) over the existing pvc sheath of the cable and sliding it up towards the soldered ends and using this as a fine trim for the swr as it 'squeezes' the two slits. Colin G4KLB suggests that for ease of assembly it is an idea to solder the two (brass) nuts to the solder tags before fitting. To get a good swr match on a specific frequency check the required stub length using the formula: wavelength /4 x velocity factor See cables otherwise go for a centre frequency over required range.

some useful suppliers:
copper pipe www.bes.ltd.uk .
nibbler tool...B&Q
Westflex 103 www.whwestlake.co.uk
Ecoflex10/15 www.diodecomms.co.uk/index.php
Quickform141 www.farnell.co.uk

TUBULAR (ALFORD) JVL SLOT ANTENNA By M. Walters G3JVL.

INTRODUCTION The slot antenna, which has been developed for 1.3GHz by G3JVL, is an easy means of obtaining an omni- directional radiation pattern with horizontal polarization . The antenna has a gain which depends principally upon its length and is typically 5 to 9 dBi . This is a better performance than other simple omni-directional antennae commonly used such as halos or whips. It is particularly suitable for a beacon or repeater antenna where an omni pattern is required with as high a gain as possible. In this application it is possible to stack two such antennae end to enc3 (as used at the beacon GB3IOW) and nearly double the gain. with higher path losses on 23cm compared to 2m and 70cm the extra gain makes it particularly useful as a mobile antenna. Spacing should be 1.5mtr feedpoint to feedpoint.
DESCRIPTION The antenna consists of a length of slotted tubing as shown in figure l. The width and length of the slot, the wall thickness and the diameter of tubing are all related and much experimental work has been done by G3JVL and G3YGF to evolve some working designs, details of which are given below.
SUMMARY The antenna represents a very practical means of realizing horizontal polarization with an omni-directional pattern and high gain on 1.3GHz. The bandwidth is sufficient to cover all of the band so that it would be suitable for any modes including TV. The circularity is very good (ratio of max to min gain) being typically ldB. This type of antenna has also been used on other bands successfully - G3JVL has used it on 2m, 70cm and 13cm. For further details contact Mike Walters G3JVL, or Julian Gannaway G3YGF', or the RSGB Microwave Committee. My experience is that aluminium slots seem to perform less well than copper or brass.

Tube Dimensions(23cms) Slot Width Slot Length

31.8mm OD, 20swg wall 4 mm 510 mm

35 mm OD, l.lmm wall . 8 mm 510 mm

38.1mm OD, l6swg wall 11 mm 510 mm

13cm version

15 mm cent'l heat copper pipe`` 1.6mm ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬260mm

The following article is reprinted from http://www.videorepeater.co.uk

It is not necessary to connect the cable to the inside of the tube as it passes out of the bottom. However, a convenient method of mounting is to fit a shorting plate of some description across the bottom with an N-type plug or socket in it. The antenna can be mounted entirely by the N-type connector . This method is particularly convenient for mobile use where the N-type can be screwed on to a female back to back bulkhead fixed to the roof.

The feed impedance of these antennae is approximately 200 ohms. A convenient method of feeding from 50 ohm coax is to use a 4:1 balun which is fabricated from semi-rigid coax, as shown in figure 2. It consists of a piece of 0.141 inch (3.6mm) semi-rigid with two slots cut along opposite sides of the outer. The two leaves formed by the coax outer form a twin wire transmission line which is a quarter wave long, and short circuited at one end. This quarter wave resonator is excited by connecting the coax inner conductor to the end of one of the leaves. The two sides of the semi-rigid a and b are connected to the feed point of the slot (see fig:1 and 2). A convenient method of doing this is to attach small solder tags to the cable so that small screws can then be used to attach the balun assembly to the sides of the slot. The cable should be bent round after leaving the feed point so that it sits somewhere between the back wall and the center as it passes down the tube. The exact arrangement is uncritical so long as the cable does not come too close to the slot and upset its operation (apart from the feed point of course).

The dimensions are, to a certain extent, interdependent. The velocity factor will be increased by decreasing the tube diameter, or by increasing the slot width. The wall thickness also has an effect since it determines the capacitance across the slot so that a thinner walled material will also increase the velocity factor. Thus, if a slightly smaller diameter tube was chosen than one of the designs, then this could be compensated for by using a slightly narrower slot so that the same velocity factor is achieved. Alternatively, the length of the slot could be decreased. The antenna would then operate with a lower velocity factor, but this would give a lower gain. For l.3GHz antenna, the tube diameter should be within the range of those given, any tube much beyond these limits will not operate correctly.

It is important that the operation is checked, particularly if any of the original design parameters are changed. This may be done by feeding the antenna with a signal at various frequencies and looking at the voltage distribution using a power meter, detector or analyzer with a small probe to pick up the radiated signal. The probe should be held close to the tube, but not directly in front of the slot (hold it 20 or 30 degrees round from the edge) and moved along its length. The diode current meter described in the microwave newsletter (08/81) would be suitable for this purpose.

The balun works by taking the voltage on the unbalanced 50 ohm line and producing two output voltages relative to earth (the cable outer) which are equal to the input voltage but are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. The balanced load is connected between these two outputs and sees the difference between them, which is twice the 50 ohm voltage. Hence there is a 4:1 step up in impedance. The balun has a comparable bandwidth to the slot, about 10 to 15%. Note that the length of the cuts in the semi-rigid must be an electrical quarter wave long . Since the space between them inside is PTFE and the space around them outside is air, this gives an effective velocity factor of about 0.36. Thus the length is 0.86 times the free space quarter wavelength. If there is a significant gap between the leaves and the PTFE , then the velocity factor will be slightly higher.

THE 'REAL' ALFORD ANTENNAE

AndrewAlford

Localizer Antenna System Patent Number(s) 2,682,050
Born Aug 5 1904 - Died Jan 25 1992
Birthplace: Samara, Russia

Andrew Alford invented and developed antennas for radio navigation systems, including VOR and instrument landing systems featuring the 'Alford Loop.' (1983)

Inventor Bio

Born in Samara, Russia, Alford graduated from the University of California in 1924 with an A.B. and received the honorary title of D.S. from Ohio University in 1975. He was employed with the Harvard University Radio Research Lab from 1943 to 1945; was division head,Direction Finder and Antenna Division, ITT, from 1943 to 1945; was head, Air Navigation Lab, International Telegraph Development Corporation, 1938-41; was with Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company, 1934-41; did engineering work for Fox Film Corporation, 1929-31; and was on the sound lab staff at California Institute of Technology, 1927-28. He later founded the Alford Manufacturing Company.

Alford seems not to have designed the slot antenna as we use it now, but he did realise an omni antenna using an array of circular loop antennas and it was obvious from there that by closing the gaps and increasing the number of loops one would in effect have a tube with a slot in it.

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